WikipediaExtracts:1991 uprisings in Iraq

Go to full Wikipedia article on: 1991 uprisings in Iraq

Extracted from Wikipedia --

Error creating thumbnail:

<section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#1991%20Iraqi%20uprisings" about="#mwt4" id="mwBw"/>

<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2012" about="#mwt6" id="mwCg"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" about="#mwt7"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" about="#mwt7" id="mwDA"/>

{{cite web |title=The No-Fly Zones |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmdfence/453/45306.htm |publisher=House of Commons Defence Committee |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>"},"result":{"wt":"Iraqi government military victory"},"combatant1":{"wt":"{{tree list}}\n*'''{{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|1991|name=Government}}'''\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|link=Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)}} Ba'ath Party\n**{{armed forces|Iraq|1991|name=Iraqi Armed Forces}}\n***{{army|Iraq|1991|name=Iraqi Army}}\n***{{symbol|Iraqi Republican Guard Symbol.svg}} Republican Guard\n**{{symbol|Emblem of the Iraqi Popular Army.svg}} Popular Army\n**Directorate of General Security\n**{{symbol|Emblem of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.svg}} Iraqi Intelligence Service\n**Iraqi Special Security Organization\n{{tree list/end}}<hr/>{{treelist}}\n{{treelist/end}}"},"combatant1a":{"wt":""},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{tree list}}\n*'''Shia and leftist opposition'''\n**{{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq/Badr Brigades\n**{{flagicon image|Islamic Dawa Party Flag.svg}} Islamic Dawa Party\n**{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Iraqi Communist Party\n**{{flagicon|Iraq|1963}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|link=Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)}} Pro-Syrian Ba'athists\n**Army deserters/defectors\n<hr>\n'''Kurdish rebels'''\n*{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} Peshmerga:\n**{{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} Kurdistan Democratic Party\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.svg}} Patriotic Union of Kurdistan\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Kurdistan Islamic Movement\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Kurdistan.svg}} Communist Party of Kurdistan\n** ''Jash'' deserters/defectors\n**{{flagicon image|Official flag of the PDKI.png}} Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan\n{{tree list/end}}"},"combatant2a":{"wt":"'''Diplomatic Support'''<br>{{flag|United States}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colgan |first=Jeff D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDchAwAAQBAJ |title=Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War |date=2013-01-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-31129-9 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref><br>'''Military Support'''<br>{{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH9HAQAAIAAJ |title=The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries? |date=2004 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |isbn=978-1-58487-153-8 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Saddam Hussein<br />(Commander-in-Chief)<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Hussein Kamel<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Ali Hassan al-Majid<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Taha Yasin<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Tariq Aziz<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} Qusay Hussein<hr/>"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} Mohammad Baqir<br />(Commander-in-Chief)<br>{{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} Abdul Aziz al-Hakim<br />{{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} Hadi al-Amiri<br>{{flagicon|Iraq|1963}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|link=Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)}} Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi<hr>\n{{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} Massoud Barzani<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.svg}} Jalal Talabani"},"strength1":{"wt":"'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} {{Circa|300,000}}'''<ref name= Code >Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182624/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/NSAEX_casedesc.pdf |date=February 21, 2014 }} pp. 146; 217; 218; 502</ref>"},"strength2":{"wt":"'''{{Circa|59,000–107,000}}'''<hr>{{plainlist|\n*'''SCIRI:'''<br>{{Circa|40,000–50,000}}<ref name= Code />\n*'''KDP:'''<br>{{Circa|15,000–45,000}}<ref name= Code />\n*'''PUK:'''<br>{{Circa|4,000–12,000}}<ref name= Code />}}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{Circa|5,000}} killed<ref>{{cite book |title=ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=1992 |isbn=1-56432-069-3 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010104332/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm |archive-date=October 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>"},"casualties2":{"wt":"{{Circa|25,000–180,000}} killed<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jun-05-fg-graves5-story.html |title=2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed |newspaper=LA Times |date=June 5, 2006 |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109074336/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/05/world/fg-graves5 |archive-date=January 9, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/22/iraq.ianblack |title='Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising |newspaper=The Guardian |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=December 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200807/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/22/iraq.ianblack |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (mostly civilians)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm |title=ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath |publisher=Hrw.org |access-date=2009-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615171955/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt79" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt80" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt81" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt82" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt83" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt85" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt86" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt87" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt88" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt89" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/>

The 1991 Iraqi uprisings were ethnic and religious uprisings against Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime that were mainly led by Shia rebels and Kurds. The uprisings lasted from March to April 1991 after a ceasefire following the end of the Gulf War. The mostly uncoordinated insurgency was fueled by the perception that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had become vulnerable to regime change. This perception of weakness was largely the result of the outcome of the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War, both of which occurred within a single decade and devastated the population and economy of Iraq.

Within the first two weeks, most of Iraq's cities and provinces fell to rebel forces. Participants in the uprising were of diverse ethnic, religious and political affiliations, including military mutineers, Shia Islamists, Kurdish nationalists, Kurdish Islamists, and far-left groups. Following initial victories, the uprising was prevented from making further progress by internal divisions as well as a lack of anticipated American and Iranian support. Saddam's Sunni Arab-dominated Ba'ath Party regime managed to maintain control over the capital of Baghdad and soon largely suppressed the rebels in a brutal campaign conducted by loyalist forces spearheaded by the Iraqi Republican Guard.

Pursuing another Security Council resolution, the United States established the Iraqi no-fly zones and formed a Western coalition to aid Kurds who had fled to Turkey. The coalition ultimately pressured Saddam to withdraw from most of Iraqi Kurdistan (except Kirkuk), after which the autonomous Kurdistan Region was established. However, they fell into a civil war until a US-brokered ceasefire in September 1998. On the other hand, Saddam viewed the Shia revolt in the south as "the most dangerous threat to his regime, and even to the continued existence of Iraq" as the Shia Arabs were the majority. The Iraqi government intensified a prior systematic forced relocation of Marsh Arabs and the draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes, and Saddam's suppression of the Shia revolt was considerably more brutal. The United States did not assist the Shia Arabs as it assisted the Kurds, leaving a legacy of mistrust among the Shia Arabs. Thousands of Iraqis detained during the suppression of the uprising remained unaccounted for. Iraqi government forces killed thousands of unarmed civilians through indiscriminate attacks, summary executions and helicopter attacks.

</section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwbg"></section>