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Latest revision as of 21:14, 22 February 2022
Extracted from Wikipedia --
<section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata"/>
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({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=07|year1=1978|month2=02|day2=11|year2=1979}})"},"location":{"wt":"Imperial State of Iran"},"coordinates":{"wt":""},"causes":{"wt":"* Discontent with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule\n* Repression and torture of dissidents\n* Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini (Shia Islamist faction)\n* ''and others''"},"goals":{"wt":"Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty"},"methods":{"wt":"* Demonstrations\n* Strikes\n* Civil resistance\n* Riots<ref>{{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|author-link=Ehsan Yarshater|title=Iran ii. Iranian History (2) Islamic period (page 6)|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii2-islamic-period-page-6%7Cvolume=13%7Cfascicle=3%7Cpages=243–246%7Cquote=Fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared, and anti-government and pro-Khomeini demonstrations escalated, with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders, who went on a rampage, burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government buildings.}}</ref>\n* Rebellion\n* Armed street fighting<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chalcraft|first1=John|title=Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00750-5|page=445|chapter=The Iranian Revolution of 1979|quote=... thirty-seven days by a caretaker regime, which collapsed on 11 February when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting.}}</ref>"},"result":{"wt":"Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran"},"side1":{"wt":"{{plainlist\n|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Imperial State of Iran'''\n}}\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n|bullets=yes\n|title=Royalist groups\n|{{flagicon image|Imperial Emblem of the Pahlavi Dynasty (Lion and Sun).svg}} Regency Council{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet Ruhollah Khomeini.}}\n|{{flagicon image|Logo of Rastakhiz Party.svg}} Rastakhiz Party (until 1 November 1978)\n|{{flagicon image|Ground Force Imperial Army of Iran.png}} Imperial Army{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979.}}\n|{{flagicon image|Imperial Guard of Iran.svg}} Imperial Guard\n|{{flagicon image|SAVAK.svg}} SAVAK\n|{{flagicon image|Iran Imperial Shahrbani.svg}} Shahrbani\n|{{flagicon image|IIG Logo (Old).svg}} Gendarmerie}}"},"side2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|First Flag of I.R.Iran.svg}} '''Revolutionary Council'''}}\n}}\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n|bullets=yes\n|title=Islamist opposition\n|{{flagicon image|Combatant Clergy Association logo.svg}} Combatant Clergy Association\n|{{flagicon image|Flag of Fada'iyan-e islam.jpg}} Fada'iyan-e Islam\n|{{flagicon image|}} Freedom Movement of Iran\n|Islamic Association of Students\n|{{flagicon image|}} Islamic Association of Teachers\n|{{flagicon image|Islamic Association of Engineers logo.png}} Islamic Association of Engineers\n|Islamic Association of Physicians\n|{{flagicon image|Islamic Coalition Party logo.svg}} Islamic Coalition Societies\n|JAMA\n|{{flagicon image|IRMO.png}} Mojahedin\n|Movement of Militant Muslims}}\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n|bullets=yes\n|title=Liberal, socialist and communist opposition\n|1={{flagicon image|The flag of Iran's National Front.jpg}} National Front\n|2={{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg}} Mojahedin-e-Khalq\n|3={{flagicon image|Flag of the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (White).svg}} Fadaiyan-e-Khalq\n|4={{flagicon image|}} Tudeh Party\n|5={{flagicon image|Flag of Peykar.svg}} Peykar\n|6=Sarbedaran\n|7=Razmandegan\n|8=Worker's Way\n|9={{flagicon image|Official flag of the PDKI.png}} Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan\n}}\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n|bullets=yes\n|title=Other opposition\n|Confederation of Iranian Students\n}}"},"lead_figures1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Mohammad Reza Pahlavi\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Jamshid Amouzegar\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Jafar Sharif-Emami\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Gholam Reza Azhari\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Shapour Bakhtiar\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Abbas Gharabaghi\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Gholam Ali Oveissi}}\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Nasser Moghaddam{{executed}}\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran with Official Lion and Sun emblem stylized 1970s.svg}} Mehdi Rahimi{{executed}}"},"lead_figures2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon image|First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg}} Ruhollah Khomeini\n* {{flagicon image|First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg}} Mehdi Bazargan\n* {{flagicon image|First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg}} Morteza Motahhari\n* {{flagicon image|First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg}} Mahmoud Taleghani\n* {{flagicon image|Civil flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg}} Karim Sanjabi\n}}"},"casualties3":{"wt":"''See Casualties of the Iranian Revolution''"},"notes":{"wt":"{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" 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The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by Ruhollah Khomeini, an Islamist cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions, and became the country’s supreme leader.The ousting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's historical monarchy.
In 1953, the CIA and MI6-backed 1953 Iranian coup d'état overthrew Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, who had nationalized the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. The coup reinstated Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an absolute monarch and significantly increased the level of influence of the United States over Iran.
In 1963, the Shah had launched the White Revolution, a top-down modernization and land reform program that alienated many sectors of society, especially the clergy. Khomeini emerged as a vocal critic and was exiled in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included communists, socialists, and Islamists. Mass protests were underway. A key turning point occurred on 19 August 1978, when the Cinema Rex fire by Islamic militants killed around 400 people. However a large portion of the public believed it was a false flag operation by SAVAK, the Shah's secret police, to discredit the opposition and justify a crackdown, fueling nationwide outrage and mobilization. By the end of 1978, the revolution had become a broad-based uprising that paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year.
On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi left Iran for exile, leaving his duties to Iran's Regency Council and Shapour Bakhtiar, the opposition-based prime minister. On 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned, following an invitation by the government; several million greeted him as he landed in Tehran. By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Following the March 1979 Islamic Republic referendum, in which 98% approved the shift to an Islamic republic, the new government began drafting the present-day constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Khomeini emerged as the absolute supreme leader of Iran in December 1979.
The revolution was fueled by widespread perceptions of the Shah's regime as corrupt, repressive, and overly reliant on foreign powers, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, at the expense of Iran's sovereignty and cultural identity. However others perceived the revolution's success as unusual, since it lacked customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military. It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity, produced profound change at great speed, and resulted in a massive exile that characterizes a large portion of Iranian diaspora, and replaced a pro-Western secular but authoritarian monarchy with an anti-Western Islamic republic based on the concept of Velâyat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), straddling between authoritarianism and totalitarianism. In addition to declaring the destruction of Israel as a core objective, post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of Sunni leaders in the region by supporting Shi'ite political ascendancy and exporting Khomeinist doctrines abroad. In the aftermath of the revolution, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region to expand its influence in the Arab world, seeking to establish an Iranian-led Shia political and military order in the Middle East.
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