WikipediaExtracts:Spanish Civil War

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<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues"/>{{tree list}}\n*{{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Spanish Republic\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Second Spanish Republic (military).svg}} People's Army\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Front (Spain).svg}} Popular Front\n**{{flagicon image|UGT flag.svg}} UGT\n**{{flagicon image|CNT FAI flag.svg}} CNT-FAI\n**{{flagicon image|Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista flag.svg}} POUM{{efn|The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.}}\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of Catalonia.svg}} Generalitat de Catalunya / Revolutionary Catalonia\n*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Catalonia.svg}} People's Army of Catalonia\n*** {{flagicon image|Estelada blava.svg}} Estat Català{{efn|Despite not being part of the Popular Front nor of the Catalan Government, Estat Català supported the Generalitat and raised its own milita to contribute to the Republican war effort.}}\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of Aragon (Regional Council of Defense).svg}} Regional Defence Council of Aragon\n**{{flagicon image|Senyera d'Esquerra Valenciana (1931).svg}} Popular Executive Committee of Valencia\n**{{symbol|Escudo del Consejo Soberano de Asturias y León.svg|18px}} Sovereign Council of Asturias and León\n**Málaga Public Health Committee\n**{{nowrap|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Basque Country.svg}} Euzko Gudarostea{{efn|The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.|name=\"Basque\"}}}}\n**{{flagicon image|Bandera de la Provincia de Madrid hasta 1983.svg}} Madrid Defense Council\n**Foreign volunteers{{tree list/end}}<hr>{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}<br>{{flag|Mexico|1934}}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"'''Nationalists'''<br>{{tree list}}\n*{{Flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Spanish State\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Francoist Spain Army (1940-1945).svg}} National Army\n***Spanish Military Union\n**{{nowrap|{{Flagicon image|Bandera FE JONS.svg}} FET y de las JONS{{efn|The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.|name=\"FetJons\"}}}}\n**{{nowrap|{{Flagicon image|Bandera FE JONS.svg}} FE de las JONS{{efn|1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS|name=\"Natmerge\"}}}}\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} Requetés/CT{{efn||name=\"Natmerge\"}}\n**{{flagicon image|Merchant flag of Spanish Morocco.svg}} Army of Africa\n**{{flagicon image|Flag of CEDA.svg}} CEDA{{efn|name=\"Natmerge\"}}\n**{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Bandera de Renovación Española.svg}} Spanish Renovation{{efn|name=\"Natmerge\"}}}}\n**{{nowrap|Foreign volunteers}}\n***{{symbol|Emblem of Viriatos Volunteers.svg}} Viriatos\n***{{flagicon image|Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg}} Irish Brigade\n***{{symbol|Emblem of Juana de Arco Company.svg}} Joan of Arc Battalion\n***{{symbol|Emblem of White Émigré Volunteers (Spanish Civil War).svg}} White émigrés\n{{tree list/end}}<hr>{{flagdeco|Italy|1861}} Italy<br>{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Germany"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} '''Manuel Azaña'''\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Francisco Largo Caballero\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Juan Negrín\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Indalecio Prieto\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Segismundo Casado\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Vicente Rojo Lluch\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Toribio Martínez Cabrera{{executed}}\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} José Miaja\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Juan Modesto\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Juan Hernández Saravia\n* {{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} Dolores Ibárruri\n* {{flagicon image |CNT FAI flag.svg}} Buenaventura Durruti{{KIA}}\n* {{flagicon image |CNT FAI flag.svg}} Joaquín Ascaso\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Catalonia.svg}} Lluís Companys{{executed}}\n* {{flagicon|Basque Country}} José Antonio Aguirre\n}}"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} '''Francisco Franco'''\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Emilio Mola{{KIA}}\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} José Sanjurjo{{KIA}}\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Gonzalo Queipo de Llano\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Juan Yagüe\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Miguel Cabanellas{{Natural Causes}}\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} José Enrique Varela\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Fidel Dávila Arrondo\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Francisco Gómez-Jordana\n* {{flagicon image|Bandera FE JONS.svg}} José Antonio Primo de Rivera{{executed}}\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Manuel Hedilla\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Manuel Fal Conde\n* {{flagdeco|Spain|1936}} Manuel Goded Llopis{{executed}}\n* {{flagicon image|Merchant flag of Spanish Morocco.svg}} Mohammed ben Mizzian\n}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"'''1936 strength:'''{{plainlist|\n* 446,800 combatants<ref>{{cite web |last = Larrazáhal |first = R. Salas |title = Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española |url = https://translate.google.com.hk/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://revistas.um.es/analeshc/article/view/108462/143041&prev=search |access-date = 11 September 2018 |archive-date = 19 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319204618/https://revistas-um-es.translate.goog/analeshc/article/view/108462/143041?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |url-status = dead }}</ref>\n* 31 ships\n* 12 submarines\n* 13,000 sailors}}\n<hr/>\n'''1938 strength:'''{{sfn|Thomas|1961|p=491}}<!-- also appears in later editions -->{{plainlist|\n* 450,000 infantry\n* 350 aircraft\n* 200 tanks}}\n----\n{{plainlist|\n* 59,380 international volunteers\n* 3,015 Soviet technicians\n* 772 Soviet pilots\n}}"},"strength2":{"wt":"'''1936 strength:'''{{plainlist|\n* 58,000 soldiers\n* 68,500 gendarmes\n* 1,500 cavalry and self defense groups\n* 350 Mercenaries\n* 16 operational ships\n* 7,000 sailors<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/spanishcivwar.htm%7Ctitle=Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)|website=kbismarck.com|access-date=22 January 2008|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624185314/http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/spanishcivwar.htm%7Curl-status=live}}</ref>}}\n<hr/>\n'''1938 strength:'''{{sfn|Thomas|1961|p=488}}<!-- also appears in later editions-->{{plainlist|\n* 600,000 infantry\n* 600 aircraft\n* 290 tanks}}\n----\n{{plainlist|\n* 70,000–75,000 Italian troops\n* 16,000 German troops\n* 8,000–20,000 Portuguese volunteers\n}}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* 110,000 killed in action (including executions)<ref name=\"Thomas, Hugh 1977 (and later editions).\">Thomas, Hugh. ''The Spanish Civil War''. Penguin Books. London. 1977 (and later editions).</ref>{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=339}}\n* 50,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone{{sfn|Casanova|2010|p=181}}<ref>Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). ''Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco''. Grupo Planeta. {{ISBN|978-8484325062}}.</ref><ref>Jackson, Gabriel (1967). ''The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939''. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0691007578}}.</ref>}}"},"casualties2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* 90,000 killed in action (including executions)<ref name=\"Thomas, Hugh 1977 (and later editions).\"/>{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=339}}\n* 38,000–110,965 civilians killed inside the Republican zone <ref>Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Wojna domowa w Hiszpanii 1936–1939|last=Zubiński|first=Tadeusz|publisher=Fronda|year=2015|isbn=9788371779732|pages=423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Checas de Madrid|first=César|last=Vidal|publisher=Debolsillo|year=2004|isbn=84-9793-168-8}}</ref>}}"},"casualties3":{"wt":"Estimates differ widely{{NoteTag|See Death toll section.}}"},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Spanish Civil War}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt100" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt105" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1378777972" about="#mwt106" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Sidebar/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>

The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil española<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" about="#mwt109" id="mwbw"/>) was fought in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalist rebels. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists, who established the military-led Spanish State and were directly aided by an intervention from Fascist Italy and participation of Nazi Germany. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war was variously viewed as class struggle, religious struggle, or struggle between republican democracy and dictatorship, revolution and counterrevolution, or communism and fascism. The Nationalists won the war in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.

The war began after the partial failure of the coup d'état of July 1936 against the Popular Front government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces. They were supported by right-wing groups including the Christian traditionalist party CEDA; monarchists, including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists; and the Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist political party. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities did not gain control, leaving Spain militarily and politically divided.

The Nationalists were initially led by a military junta, until General Francisco Franco was appointed supreme leader on 1 October 1936 of what he called the Spanish State. The rebellion was countered by the arming of left-wing social movements and parties, and the formation of militias. This led to rapid socioeconomic and political transformation in the Republican zone, referred to as the Spanish Revolution. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from Fascist Italy which conducted a large-scale intervention and Nazi Germany which sent its Condor Legion, while the Republican government received support from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government, but followed official policies of non-intervention. Despite this, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict, mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades.

Franco gradually emerged as the primary leader of the Nationalists, becoming the dictator of the Spanish State by 1937 and co-opting Falangism, gaining recognition as a fascist leader. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937 and besieging Madrid. After much of Catalonia was captured in 1938 and 1939 and Madrid was cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. On 5 March 1939, in response to allegedly increasing communist dominance of the Republican government and the deteriorating military situation, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government, intending to seek peace with the Nationalists. These peace overtures, however, were rejected by Franco. Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. Hundreds of thousands of those associated with the Republicans fled Spain, mostly to refugee camps in southern France; many of those who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists.

The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired worldwide, and for the many atrocities that occurred. Organised purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces to consolidate power. Mass executions took place in areas controlled by the Republicans, with the participation of local authorities varying by location.

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