WikipediaExtracts:Yugoslav Wars

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<section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata"/>Officers of the Slovenian National Police Force escort captured soldiers of the Yugoslav People's Army back to their unit during the Slovenian War of Independence; a destroyed M-84 tank during the Battle of Vukovar; anti-tank missile installations of the Serbia-controlled Yugoslav People's Army during the siege of Dubrovnik; reburial of victims of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre in 2010; an armoured vehicle of the United Nations Protection Force near the Assembly building during the siege of Sarajevo."},"date":{"wt":"1 March 1991 – 13 August 2001<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=3|day1=1|year1=1991|month2=08|day2=13|year2=2001}})<br>\n----\n'''Ten-Day War:'''<br>27 June – 7 July 1991<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=6|day1=27|year1=1991|month2=7|day2=7|year2=1991}})<br>'''Croatian War of Independence:'''<br>1 March 1991&nbsp;– 12 November 1995{{refn|There was no formal declaration of war. The first armed clash of the war was the Pakrac clash on 1 March 1991,<ref name=\"NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991\">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia%7Cauthor=Stephen Engelberg|title=Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town|date=3 March 1991|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518185319/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia%7Curl-status=live}}</ref> followed by the Plitvice Lakes incident on 31 March 1991, when the first fatalities occurred.<ref name=\"NYTimes-Plitvice-31Mar1991\">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/deadly-clash-in-a-yugoslav-republic.html?ref=croatia%7Ctitle=Deadly Clash in a Yugoslav Republic|author=Chuck Sudetic|author-link=Chuck Sudetic|date=1 April 1991|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518202811/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/deadly-clash-in-a-yugoslav-republic.html?ref=croatia%7Curl-status=live}}</ref> The last major combat operation was Operation Storm, from 16-18 August 1995.<ref name=\"LATimes-Storm-Complete\">{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html%7Ctitle=Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz|author=Dean E. Murphy|date=8 August 1995|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees%7Curl-status=live}}</ref> Formally, hostilities ceased when the Erdut Agreement was signed on 12 November 1995.<ref name=\"NYTimes-ErdutAgr-12Nov95\">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/13/world/serbs-in-croatia-resolve-key-issue-by-giving-up-land.html?ref=croatia%7Ctitle=Serbs in Croatia Resolve Key Issue by Giving up Land|author=Chris Hedges|author-link=Chris Hedges|date=12 November 1995|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518200823/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/13/world/serbs-in-croatia-resolve-key-issue-by-giving-up-land.html?ref=croatia%7Curl-status=live}}</ref>|group=\"A\"}}<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=31|year=1991|month2=11|day2=12|year2=1995}})<br>'''Bosnian War:'''<br>6 April 1992 – 14 December 1995<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day=1|year1=1992|month2=12|day2=14|year2=1995}})<br>'''Insurgency in Kosovo:'''<br>27 May 1995 – 27 February 1998<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=27|year1=1995|month2=02|day2=27|year2=1998}})<br>'''Kosovo War:'''<br>28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=28|year1=1998|month2=06|day2=11|year2=1999}})<br>'''Insurgency in the Preševo Valley:'''<br>12 June 1999 – 1 June 2001<ref name=\"Mine kills Serb police\">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/971343.stm |work = BBC News |title = Mine kills Serb police |date = 14 October 2000 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810015542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/971343.stm |archive-date = 10 August 2014 }}</ref><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=12|year1=1999|month2=06|day2=01|year2=2001}})<br>'''Insurgency in Macedonia:'''<br>22 January – 13 August 2001<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=22|year1=2001|month2=08|day2=13|year2=2001}})"},"location":{"wt":"Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia,\nMontenegro, Kosovo and North Macedonia (with spillover into Albania<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-14-mn-27375-story.html |title = Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross Into Albania |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1999-04-14|access-date=2012-02-20|first=John|last=Daniszewski}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/war-in-the-balkans-serbs-enter-albania-and-burn-village-1087030.html |title = War In The Balkans: Serbs enter Albania and burn village |newspaper=The Independent |date=1999-04-14|access-date=2012-02-20|location=London|first=Emma|last=Daly}}</ref> and Hungary<ref>{{cite web\n|last=Marinić|first=Borna|title=The Yugoslav People’s Army attacks Barcs in Hungary|url=https://domovinskirat.hr/2020/10/27/the-yugoslav-peoples-army-attacks-barcs-in-hungary/%7Cwebsite=Domovinski rat|date=27 October 2020\n}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Carol J.|title=Serbian-Croatian Conflict Spills Into Hungary: Yugoslavia: Thousands of Yugoslavs seek safety across the border. Air force planes violate Hungarian airspace|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-25-mn-2042-story.html\n%7Cwebsite=Los Angeles Times|date=25 August 1991\n}}</ref>)"},"result":{"wt":"Breakup of Yugoslavia and the formation of independent successor states"},"notes":{"wt":"{{center|'''Total deaths:''' {{circa}} 130,000–140,000+<ref name=\"ictj\"/><ref name=\"HLC\"/> }}{{center|'''Displaced''': {{circa}} 4,000,000+<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ictj.org/publication/transitional-justice-former-yugoslavia |title = Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia |website = ICJT.org |publisher = International Center for Transitional Justice |date = 1 January 2009 |access-date = 21 June 2011 |archive-date = 26 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126214707/https://www.ictj.org/publication/transitional-justice-former-yugoslavia |url-status = live }}</ref>}}"},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBQ">

<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" about="#mwt75" id="mwLQ"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_August_2022" about="#mwt76"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English_with_Oxford_spelling" about="#mwt76" id="mwLw"/>Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence, and insurgencies that took place from 1991 to 2001 in what had been the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Macedonia, which was later renamed to North Macedonia. The breakup of Yugoslavia and the accompanying Yugoslav Wars are commonly attributed to increasing nationalism and unresolved ethnic tensions in Yugoslavia. While most of the conflicts ended through peace accords that involved full international recognition of the new states, they resulted in the deaths of many as well as severe economic damage to the region.

During the initial stages of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of Yugoslavia by eradicating all nationalists in the governments of the republics. However, it increasingly came under the influence of Slobodan Milošević, whose government invoked Serbian nationalism as an ideological replacement for the weakening communist system. As a result, the JNA began to lose the support of Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and Macedonians, and effectively became a fighting force of only Serbs and Montenegrins. According to a 1994 report by the United Nations (UN), the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia; instead, it aimed to create a "Greater Serbia" from parts of Croatia and Bosnia which had a large Serb minority. Other irredentist movements have also been brought into connection with the Yugoslav Wars, such as "Greater Albania" (from Kosovo, idea abandoned following international diplomacy) and "Greater Croatia" (from parts of Herzegovina, abandoned in 1994 with the Washington Agreement).

Often described as one of Europe's deadliest armed conflicts since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars were marked by many war crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, massacres, and mass wartime rape. The Bosnian genocide was the first European wartime event to be formally classified as genocidal in character since the military campaigns of Nazi Germany, and many of the key individuals who perpetrated it were subsequently charged with war crimes; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the UN in The Hague, Netherlands, to prosecute all individuals who had committed war crimes during the conflicts. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the deaths of 140,000 people, while the Humanitarian Law Center estimates at least 130,000 casualties. Over their decade-long duration, the conflicts resulted in major refugee and humanitarian crises.

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