WikipediaExtracts:Kosovo War

Go to full Wikipedia article on: Kosovo War

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({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=28|year1=1998|month2=06|day2=11|year2=1999}})"},"location":{"wt":"Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia with incursions into Albania (OSCE report)<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-14-mn-27375-story.html |title = Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross Into Albania |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1999-04-14|access-date=2012-02-20|first=John|last=Daniszewski}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/war-in-the-balkans-serbs-enter-albania-and-burn-village-1087030.html |title = War In The Balkans: Serbs enter Albania and burn village |newspaper=The Independent |date=1999-04-14|access-date=2012-02-20|location=London|first=Emma|last=Daly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/threat/terrorism/sup6.pdf |title=Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE |publisher=US Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC G2 |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |date=5 December 2008 |orig-date=15 September 2008 |via=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrmea.com/1999-july-august/a-chronology-of-u.s.-middle-east-relations.html%7Ctitle=A Chronology of U.S.-Middle East Relations|website=WRMEA|date=25 July 1999 }}</ref>"},"territory":{"wt":"No de jure changes to Yugoslav borders according to Resolution 1244, but de facto and partial de jure political and economic independence of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia due to being placed under UN administration"},"result":{"wt":"{{ublist|'''Kumanovo Agreement'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Noel |first1=Sid |title=From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-77357-310-9 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtADbMDlxxsC&pg=PA109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ramet |editor1-first=Sabrina P. |editor2-last=Simkus |editor2-first=Albert |editor3-last=Listhaug |editor3-first=Ola |title=Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo: History, Politics, and Value Transformation |date=2015 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-9-63386-074-8 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8f0OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121}}</ref><ref>Stigler, Andrew L. \"A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo.\" International Security 27.3 (2003): 124–157.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 1999|title=Milosevic Claims Victory, Lauds Army|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade061199.htm?noredirect=on%7Cnewspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>}}\n* Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo\n* United Nations Resolution 1244<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/06/10/MN82284.DTL |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530015730/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Yugoslav-NATO-Generals-Sign-Peace-Agreement-for-2926052.php |url-status = dead |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |title = Yugoslav, NATO Generals Sign Peace Agreement for Kosovo / Alliance will end air campaign when Serbian troops pull out|work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=1999-06-10|access-date=2012-02-20|first1=Valerie|last1=Reitman|first2=Paul|last2=Richter|first3=John-Thor|last3=Dahlburg}}</ref>\n* Return of Albanian refugees\n* Flight or expulsion of over half of the Serb and other non-Albanian civilians{{efn|<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Vladisavljević |author-first=Nebojša |year=2012 |chapter=Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29 |editor1-last=Hudson |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Bowman |editor2-first=Glenn |title=After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=29–30 |doi=10.1057/9780230305137_3 |isbn=978-0230201316 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Wills |author-first=Siobhán |year=2009 |title=Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219 |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=219 |isbn=978-0-19-953387-9 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=\"abuses\">{{cite web |title=Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |date=August 1999 |url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |date=July 2004 |url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kosovo Crisis Update |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |date=August 4, 1999 |url-status=live |newspaper=UNHCR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo |url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |date=October 6, 2006 |url-status=live |publisher=OSCE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>}}\n* Establishment of KFOR"},"combatant1":{"wt":"{{Tree list}}\n*{{Army|Republic of Kosova}}\n**{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kosova (1991–1999).svg|size=23px}} FARK{{efn|From August 1998 as the Kosovo Liberation Army as 138th Brigade.}}\n{{Tree list/end}}\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n| bullets = yes\n| title = {{flag|NATO|size=23px}} ({{nobold|from 24 March 1999}})\n| {{flag|Belgium}}\n| {{flag|Canada}}\n| {{flag|Denmark}}\n| {{flag|France|1974}}\n| {{flag|Germany}}\n| {{flag|Italy}}\n| {{flag|Netherlands}}\n| {{flag|Norway}}<ref name=\"Norske jagerfly på vingene i går\">{{cite web |url=http://tux1.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/kosovo/d74906.htm |title=Norske jagerfly på vingene i går |newspaper=Aftenposten |date=26 March 1999 |author=Reidun J. Samuelsen |access-date=26 October 2016 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119062654/http://tux1.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/kosovo/d74906.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref>\n| {{flag|Portugal}}\n| {{flag|Spain}}\n| {{flag|Turkey}}<ref name=\"Turkish Air Force\">{{cite web |url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/PageSub/Kurumumuz/Tarihce/1944-Today.aspx |title=Turkish Air Force |website=Hvkk.tsk.tr |access-date=24 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626073446/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/PageSub/Kurumumuz/Tarihce/1944-Today.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n| {{flag|United Kingdom}}\n| {{flag|United States|1960}}\n}}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=FR Yugoslavia}}\n<!-- please don't insert \"volunteers\" of any sort, as they are not combatant authorities -->"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{ubl\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Adem Jashari{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Hamëz Jashari{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Mujë Krasniqi{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Bekim Berisha{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kosova (1991–1999).svg|size=23px}} Ahmet Krasniqi{{assassinated}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Hashim Thaçi\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Agim Çeku\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Sylejman Selimi\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Ramush Haradinaj\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Agim Ramadani{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kosova (1991–1999).svg|size=23px}} Sali Çekaj{{KIA}}\n | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} Ismet Asllani{{KIA}}\n}}\n----\n{{flagicon|NATO}} {{flagicon|United States|1960}} Wesley Clark\n<!-- please don't insert \"volunteers\" of any sort, as they are not combatant authorities -->"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{ubl\n | |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Slobodan Milošević\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Pavle Bulatović\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Dragoljub Ojdanić\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Vlastimir Đorđević\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Sreten Lukić\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Nebojša Pavković\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Vladimir Lazarević\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Goran Radosavljević\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Veljko Radenović\n |{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Goran Ostojić {{KIA}}\n}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} 15,000–30,000 insurgents<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kettle |first1=Martin |title=Strength of KLA 'has tripled' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/29/balkans3 |work=The Guardian |date=29 May 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |title=Bosnian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=18 January 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-3869-9 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBjHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |quote=At the height of its operations, the KLA had some 20,000 armed troops.}}</ref><ref name=\"Bodansky2011\">{{cite book|first=Yossef|last=Bodansky|title=bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vur8xnVanEUC&pg=PA398%7Cdate=4 May 2011|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-79772-8|pages=398–403}}</ref>\n*Unknown number of foreign volunteers<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davison |first1=Phil |title=Focus: Kosovo Peace Deal - Briton in KLA 'kills 24 Serbs' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/focus-kosovo-peace-deal-briton-in-kla-kills-24-serbs-1099942.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Independent |date=12 June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Balkans fighters are taking up arms in Ukraine, with risks for organized crime |url=https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/see-obs-014/04-balkans-fighters-are-taking-up-arms-in-ukraine.html |publisher=Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>\n{{ubl\n | {{flagicon|NATO}} ''{{circa}}'' 80 aircraft (Operation Eagle Eye)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.60xdeutschland.de/die-bundeswehr-zieht-in-den-krieg/%7Ctitle=Die Bundeswehr zieht in den Krieg|website=60xdeutschland.de|date=24 March 1999|access-date=2012-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903002336/http://www.60xdeutschland.de/die-bundeswehr-zieht-in-den-krieg/%7Carchive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|NATO}} 1,031 aircraft (Operation Allied Force)<ref name=\"Kosovo operation allied force after-action report\">{{cite journal|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/kosovoaa/kaar02072000.pdf%7Ctitle=Report to Congress: Kosovo operation allied force after-action report|website=au.af.mil|date=30 January 2000|pages=31–32|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102034549/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/kosovoaa/kaar02072000.pdf%7Carchive-date=2 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|NATO}} 30+ warships and submarines<ref name=\"defense1\">{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228163643/http://www.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-date=2010-02-28%7Ctitle=NATO Operation Allied Force|website=United States Department of Defense|access-date=2012-02-28}}</ref>\n }}"},"strength2":{"wt":"{{ubl\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 85,000–114,000 soldiers<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATO Operation Allied Force |url=https://archive.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602054357/https://archive.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=archive.wikiwix.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo - 3. Forces of the Conflict |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-02.htm |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> (including 40,000 in and around Kosovo)<ref name=\"defense1\" /><ref>{{cite book |date=2003 |first=R. Craig |last=Nation |title=War in the Balkans, 1991–2002 |isbn=1-58487-134-2 |page=227 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/101059/War_Balkans.pdf |quote=In June 1998, the Yugoslav Army launched a counter offensive, massing over 40,000 troops operating with tanks, helicopters, heavy artillery, and mortar fire, that gathered momentum as it progressed and by late summer seemed to be on the verge of breaking organized resistance once and for all. }}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 20,000 policemen\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 100 SAM sites<ref name=\"defense1\" />\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 1,400 artillery pieces (both ground & air defence)<ref name=\"defense1\" />\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 240 aircraft<ref name=\"defense1\" />\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 2,032 armoured vehicles & tanks<ref name=\"defense1\" />\n | {{flagdeco|Serbia|1991}} Unknown number of Serbian paramilitary units (Jackals, Škorpioni, White Eagles)\n | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian volunteers in Yugoslavia.svg}} Several hundred Russian volunteers<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cojstvo.rs/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | title=Чојство - Булах Глебович }}</ref><ref name=\"BBC-Foreign\">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm%7Ctitle=Fighting for a foreign land|publisher=BBC News|date=1999-05-20|access-date=2012-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://russiajournal.com/node/487%7Ctitle=Russian volunteer's account of Kosovo|work=The Russia Journal|date=1999-07-05|access-date=2012-02-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226014819/https://russiajournal.com/node/487%7Carchive-date=2011-12-26 }}</ref>\n | {{flagicon image|Flag of UNA-UNSO.svg}} Unknown number of Ukrainian volunteers<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYpXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22%7Cisbn = 9780997896541|title = Ukraine in the Crossfire|date = 5 April 2017|publisher = SCB Distributors}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2026}}\n }}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{ubl\n | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kosovo Liberation Army.svg}} 1,500–2,131 insurgents killed{{sfn|Daalder|O'Hanlon|2000|p=151}}<ref name=\"presentation\">{{cite web |title = Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Evaluation |url= http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |publisher=Humanitarian Law Center |date = 4 February 2015 |access-date = 6 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n }}\n----\n {{ubl\n | {{flagicon|US|1960}} 2 killed (non-combat) and 3 captured<ref name=\"BBC-Apache\">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/335709.stm%7Ctitle=Two die in Apache crash|work=BBC News|date=1999-05-05|access-date=2012-05-06 }}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|US|1960}} 2 aircraft shot down and 3 damaged<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-11-21 |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20051121.aspx%7Ctitle=How to Take Down an F-117 |website=Strategypage.com|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia|date=7 February 2007|url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article2167.html%7Caccess-date=2012-05-06%7Cwebsite=F-16.net}}</ref><ref name=\"ejection-history1\"/><ref>{{cite news|title=F-117 damage said attributed to full moon|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA4695E8E4162&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM#profF-117%7Cpage=A14%7Cwork=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=1999-05-06|access-date=2012-02-20|archive-date=9 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004521/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA4695E8E4162&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM#profF-117%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|US|1960}} Two AH-64 Apaches and an AV-8B Harrier crashed (non-combat)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/333596.stm%7Ctitle=Nato loses two planes|work=BBC News|date=1999-05-02|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref>\n | {{flagicon|NATO}} 47 UAVs shot down<ref>{{cite news|title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Increase In Numbers |url=http://www.radardaily.com/reports/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Increase_In_Numbers_999.html |publisher=Radardaily.com |date=9 October 2007|agency=RIA Novosti|first=Andrei|last=Kislyakov|access-date=2012-02-28}}</ref>\n }}"},"casualties2":{"wt":"{{ubl\n | '''Caused by NATO:'''\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 276–1,200 killed{{efn|Serbia claims that 1,008 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen were killed by NATO bombing.<ref name=\"mondo\">{{cite web|url=http://mondo.rs/a278816/Info/Srbija/NATO-nam-ubio-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html%7Ctitle=NATO nam ubio 1.008 vojnika i policajaca|date=11 February 2013|publisher=Mondo|access-date=2013-02-11|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806174328/http://mondo.rs/a278816/Info/Srbija/NATO-nam-ubio-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1264384/stradalo-1008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html%7Ctitle=Stradalo 1.008 vojnika i policajaca|publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=www.rts.rs}}</ref> NATO initially claimed that 5,000 Yugoslav servicemen had been killed and 10,000 had been wounded during the NATO air campaign.<ref name=\"Bideleux & Jeffries\">{{cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0-203-96911-3|page=558 |url=https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/558}}</ref><ref name=\"Chambers\">{{cite book|last=Chambers II|first=John Whiteclay|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-507198-6|page=375|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/375}}</ref> NATO has since revised this estimation to 1,200 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen killed.<ref name=\"Coopersmith & Launius\">{{cite book|last1=Coopersmith|first1=Jonathan|last2=Launius|first2=Roger D.|title=Taking Off: A Century of Manned Flight|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56347-610-5|page=54}}</ref> According to the Humanitarian Law Center, the NATO air campaign killed 276 member of Serbian police and military forces.<ref name=\"presentation\" />}}\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 14 tanks,<ref name=fourteen>{{cite news|work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2011-apr-03-la-oe-cockburn-libya-20110403-story.html%7Cfirst=Andrew%7Clast=Cockburn%7Ctitle=The limits of air power|date=3 April 2011|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> 18 APCs, 20 artillery pieces{{sfn|Macdonald|2007|p=99}} and 121 aircraft and helicopters destroyed{{sfn|Bacevich|Cohen|2001|p=22}}\n | '''Caused by KLA:'''\n | {{flagicon|FRY}} 808 killed (HLC figures)<ref name=\"presentation\" />}}{{Flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} 26 tanks destroyed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Zafarul-Islam |date=August 22, 2008 |title=Russian Military Intelligence (GRU) Daily Reports on the Iraq War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2025-01-11 |publisher=Pharos |isbn=978-81-7221-022-9 }}</ref><br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian volunteers in Yugoslavia.svg}} 4–20 Russian volunteers killed<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-07-11 |title=Ein Berliner, ein Dresdener und ein Däne erzählen, wie sie als Freiwillige zu den albanischen Rebellen der UCK kamen: Aus dem Schützenverein ins Kosovo |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/ein-berliner-ein-dresdener-und-ein-daene-erzaehlen-wie-sie-als-freiwillige-zu-den-albanischen-rebellen-der-uck-kamen-aus-dem-schuetzenverein-ins-kosovo-li.68562 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de|quote=Am Nachmittag des 6. April stößt seine Einheit in einem Wäldchen nahe Pristina auf eine Gruppe von Kämpfern des berüchtigten Serbenführers Arkan. Erst nach einem langen, heftigen Schußwechsel ziehen sich Arkans Soldaten zurück. Sie haben zwanzig Männer verloren. Sascha sagt, die Gefallenen seien Russen gewesen. Auch einer der UCK-Soldaten stirbt in diesem Kampf. (German) On the afternoon of April 6, his unit encountered a group of fighters belonging to the notorious Serb leader Arkan in a forest near Pristina. Only after a long, fierce exchange of fire do Arkan's soldiers retreat. They lost twenty men. Sascha says the fallen were Russians. One of the KLA soldiers also dies in this fight. (English)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://srbin.info/drustvo/otkrivamo-ko-je-ubijeni-rusi-dobrovoljac-ciji-snimak-ubistva-su-objavili-albancivideo/ | title=ОТКРИВАМО: Ко је убијени руски добровољац чији снимак убиства су објавили Албанци(Видео) | date=15 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hlc-rdc.org/db/kkp_en/index.html | title=List of killed, missing and disappeared 1998-2000 }}</ref>"},"casualties3":{"wt":"'''Total:''' {{circa|13,548}} fighters and civilians of all ethnicities dead<ref name=\"presentation\"/><br />{{flagicon|ALB}} 8,676 to 9,269 Kosovar Albanian civilians killed or missing<ref name=\"Tribunal focuses on Serbia's Kosovo war - Europe - International Herald Tribune\">{{cite web|last=Simons |first=Marlise|title=Tribunal focuses on Serbia's Kosovo war - Europe - International Herald Tribune|website=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/world/europe/10iht-serbia.2166700.html?_r=0%7Cdate=10 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=\"presentation\"/><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod/page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3 | title=Warfare and armed conflicts : A statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007 | date=2008 | last1=Clodfelter | first1=Micheal | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers }}</ref><br>{{flagicon|ALB}} 90% of Kosovar Albanians displaced during the war<ref name=\"Facts and Figurues - War in Europe\"/> (848,000–863,000 expelled from Kosovo<ref>{{cite book |last=Judah |first=Tim |title=The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |year=1997 |edition=2009, 3rd |isbn=978-0-300-15826-7 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQaCAAAQBAJ&q=848%2C000 |access-date=3 January 2021 |quote=the Serbian police began clearing ... people [who] were marched down to the station and deported... the UNCHR registered 848,000 people who had either been forcibly expelled or had fled |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kosovo/Kosova: As Seen|pages=Part III, Chap 14}}</ref> {{flagicon|ALB}} 590,000 Kosovar Albanians displaced within Kosovo)<ref name=\"Facts and Figurues - War in Europe\">{{cite web|title=Facts and Figurues – War in Europe|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/etc/facts.html%7Cwebsite=www.pbs.org%7Caccess-date=27 January 2015}}</ref><br />\n{{Flagdeco|Serbia and Montenegro}} 1,641 non-Albanian civilians killed or missing, including 1,196 ethnic Serbs, and 445 Romani and others<ref name=\"presentation\"/><br />\n{{Flagdeco|Serbia and Montenegro}}/{{flagicon|ALB}} Civilian deaths caused by NATO bombing: 489–528 (per Human Rights Watch)<ref name=\"hrw.org\">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm |title=Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign – The Crisis In Kosovo |work=HRW |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419162307/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> or 454 (per HLC),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hlc-rdc.org/?p=34890&lang=de%7Ctitle=754 Victims of NATO Bombing – Fond za humanitarno pravo/Humanitarian Law Center/Fondi për të Drejtën Humanitare &#124; Fond za humanitarno pravo/Humanitarian Law Center/Fondi për të Drejtën Humanitare|website=www.hlc-rdc.org|date=23 March 2018 }}</ref> also includes {{flagicon|PRC}} 3 Chinese journalists killed<br>\n '''Aftermath:''' <br>113,128<ref name=\"UNHCR2019\">{{cite web |title=UNHCR - Kosovo Fact Sheet 2019 |url=https://www.unhcr.org/see/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2019/05/Fact-sheet-Kosovo-9-May-2019.pdf |publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> to 200,000+ Kosovo Serbs, Romani, and other non-Albanian civilians displaced<ref name = hrw2004 />"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDw">

The Kosovo War (Albanian: Lufta e Kosovës<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" about="#mwt373" id="mwARo"/>; Serbian: Косовски рат<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" about="#mwt374"/>, Kosovski rat<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" about="#mwt374" id="mwARw"/>) was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999. It was fought between the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian separatist militia known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The conflict ended when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened by beginning air strikes in March 1999 which resulted in Yugoslav forces withdrawing from Kosovo.

The KLA was formed in the early 1990s to fight against the discrimination of ethnic Albanians and the repression of political dissent by the Serbian authorities, which started after the suppression of Kosovo's autonomy and other discriminatory policies against Albanians by Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević in 1989. The KLA initiated its first campaign in 1995, after Kosovo's case was left out of the Dayton Agreement and it had become clear that President Rugova's strategy of peaceful resistance had failed to bring Kosovo onto the international agenda. In June 1996, the group claimed responsibility for acts of sabotage targeting Kosovo police stations, during the Kosovo Insurgency. In 1997, the organization acquired a large quantity of arms through weapons smuggling from Albania, following a rebellion in which weapons were looted from the country's police and army posts. In early 1998, KLA attacks targeting Yugoslav authorities in Kosovo resulted in an increased presence of Serb paramilitaries and regular forces who subsequently began pursuing a campaign of retribution targeting KLA sympathisers and political opponents; this campaign killed 1,500 to 2,000 civilians and KLA combatants, and had displaced 370,000 Kosovar Albanians by March 1999.<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_July_2026" about="#mwt390" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"request quotation","href":"./Template:Request_quotation"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"July 2026"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAV8"/>

On 20 March 1999, Yugoslav forces began a massive campaign of repression and expulsions of Kosovar Albanians following the withdrawal of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission (KVM) and the failure of the proposed Rambouillet Agreement. In response to this, NATO intervened with an aerial bombing campaign that began on March 24, justifying it on humanitarian grounds. The war ended with the Kumanovo Agreement, signed on 9 June 1999, with Yugoslav and Serb forces agreeing to withdraw from Kosovo to make way for an international presence. NATO forces entered Kosovo on June 12. The NATO bombing campaign has remained controversial. It did not gain the approval of the UN Security Council and it caused at least 488 Yugoslav civilian deaths, including substantial deaths of Kosovar refugees.

In 2001, a UN administered Supreme Court based in Kosovo found that there had been a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments against the Albanian population, and that Yugoslav troops had tried to force them out of Kosovo, but not to eradicate them and therefore it was not genocide. After the war, a list was compiled which documented that over 13,500 people were killed or went missing during the two year conflict. The Yugoslav and Serb forces caused the displacement of between 1.2 million and 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians. After the war, around 200,000 Serbs, Romani, and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo and there were reports of abuse directed against the remaining civilians.

The Kosovo Liberation Army disbanded soon after the end of the war, with some of its members going on to fight for the UÇPMB in the Preševo Valley, some joining the National Liberation Army (NLA) and Albanian National Army (ANA) during the armed ethnic conflict in Macedonia, while others went on to form the Kosovo Police.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted six Serb/Yugoslav officials and one Albanian commander for war crimes.

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