WikipediaExtracts:Ogaden War
Extracted from Wikipedia --
<section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata"/>Cuban artillery crew firing at Somali forces; WSLF militants fighting Ethiopian army; Ethiopian People's Militia marching on the Revolution square, 1977; Somali troops repairing a damaged T-34 tank; WSLF fighters displaying their rifles }}"},"date":{"wt":"13 July 1977<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayele|2014|p=106}}: \"MOND classified documents reveal that the full-scale Somali invasion came on Tuesday, July 12, 1977. The date of the invasion was not, therefore, July 13 or July 23 as some authors have claimed.\"</ref> – 23 March 1978{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=}}<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1=07 |day1=13 |year1=1977 |month2=03 |day2=23 |year2=1978}})"},"location":{"wt":"Ogaden, Ethiopia"},"result":{"wt":"Ethiopian-Allied victory\n{{bulleted list\n| Somalia breaks all ties with the Soviet Bloc and the Second World (except Romania){{sfn|Gorman|1981|p=208}}\n| Beginning of the Somali Rebellion\n}}"},"combatant1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1975-state}} Ethiopia\n* {{flag|Cuba}}\n* {{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urban |first=Mark |date=1983 |title=Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524 |journal=The RUSI Journal |language=en |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=42–46 |doi=10.1080/03071848308523524 |issn=0307-1847 |quote=Soviet advisers fulfilled a number of roles, although the majority were involved in training and headquarters duties. Others flew combat missions in the MiGs and helicopters.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>\n* {{flag|South Yemen}}<ref name=\"Keesing\">{{cite web |url=https://essaydocs.org/keesings-record-of-world-events-formerly-keesings-contemporary.html |title=Ogaden Area recaptured by Ethiopian Forces with Soviet and Cuban Support – International Ramifications of Ethiopian-Somali Conflict – Incipient Soviet and Cuban Involvement in Ethiopian Warfare against Eritrean Secessionists – Political Assassinations inside Ethiopia |work=Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives) |date=1 May 1978 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630201854/https://www.essaydocs.org/keesings-record-of-world-events-formerly-keesings-contemporary.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>\n}}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Somalia\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Western Somali Liberation Front.svg}} Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF)\n}}"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon image| Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987, with emblem).svg}} '''Mengistu Haile Mariam'''\n* {{flagicon image| Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987, with emblem).svg}} Tesfaye Gebre Kidan\n* {{flagicon image| Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987, with emblem).svg}} Merid Negussie\n* {{flagicon image| Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987, with emblem).svg}} Fikre Selassie Wogderess\n* {{flagicon|Cuba}} Arnaldo Ochoa{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=656}}\n* {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1955}} Vasily Petrov{{sfn|Tareke|2009|pp=204–205}}\n}}"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} '''Siad Barre'''\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Mohammad Ali Samatar\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Abdullah Mohamed Fadil\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Abdullahi Ahmed Irro\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Mohamed Farrah Aidid\n* {{flagicon|Somalia}} Abdillahi Askar\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Western Somali Liberation Front.svg}} Abdullahi Hassan Mahmoud\n}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"''Beginning of war'':<br>35,000–47,000 soldiers{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=638}}<br>37 aircraft, 62 tanks, 100 armored vehicles<ref name=\"Teferi\">{{cite journal|title=The Nile issue and the Somali-Ethiopian wars (1960s–78)|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |first=Teferi|last=Mekonnen|year=2018|volume=32 |pages=271–291 |doi=10.3406/ethio.2018.1657 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2018_num_32_1_1657}}</ref><br>''Later'':<br>64,500 soldiers{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=105}}<br>1,500 Soviet advisors<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=Burton Ira & Scott |title=The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr |date=2006 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700614707 |pages=110-111 |url=https://www.google.no/books/edition/The_Presidency_of_James_Earl_Carter_Jr/RWIaAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+kremlin+in+late+1977+1,500+Soviet+advisers&pg=PA110&printsec=frontcover%7Cquote = Fearing the internationalization of the conflict, the Kremlin in late 1977 airlifted 12,000 Cuban soldiers and 1,500 Soviet advisers to Ethiopia}}</ref><br>12,000–18,000 Cuban soldiers<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleijeses|first1=Piero|title=Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991|date=2013|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-1-4696-0968-3|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Matthew |title=Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-08330-9|date=2011 }}</ref><br>2,000 Yemeni soldiers<ref>{{cite book |title=South Yemen's Revolutionary Strategy, 1970–1985 |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1000312294 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nayhDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>"},"strength2":{"wt":"''Beginning of war'':<br>31,000<ref>{{cite book |title=A Guide to Intra-state Wars |date=2015 |isbn=978-0872897755 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qM5DQAAQBAJ%7C last1=Dixon |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Sarkees |first2=Meredith Reid }}</ref>–39,000 soldiers{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=640}}<br>53 aircraft, 250 tanks, 350 armored vehicles, and 600 artillery guns{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=663}}<ref>{{cite book|oclc=1238133342|title=Genesis of the civil war in Somalia|publisher=I.B. Tauris |place=London |author=Muuse Yuusuf |year=2021}}</ref><br>''Later'':<br>45,000–63,000 soldiers{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=640}}{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=105}}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"'''Ethiopia''':<br>5,059–6,133 killed{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=123}}<br>8,207–10,563 wounded{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=123}}<br>2,523 captured{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=123}}<br>''Equipment losses'':<br>23 aircraft{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>139 tanks{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>108 APCs{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>1,399 vehicles{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>'''Cuba''':<br>163-400 killed<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=United States |isbn=9798216256106 |page=313 |edition=2nd|quote = Some 400 Cubans and 100 South Yemenis were killed in action.}}</ref>{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=123}}<ref name=Urribarres/> <br>250 wounded<ref name=\"Murakhovsky\" /><br>6 tanks<ref name=\"Murakhovsky\">{{cite web |url=http://otvaga2004.ru/voyny/wars-africa/wars-afr-horn/totalnaya-soc-vojna/2/%7Ctitle=ТОТАЛЬНАЯ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ВОЙНА. НЕДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ЗАПИСКИ: Война между Эфиопией и Сомали 1977–78 гг. Page 2|access-date=2009-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509162340/http://otvaga2004.ru/voyny/wars-africa/wars-afr-horn/totalnaya-soc-vojna/2/%7Carchive-date=2019-05-09 }}</ref><br>'''South Yemen''':<br>100 killed<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=United States |isbn=9798216256106 |page=313 |edition=2nd|quote = Some 400 Cubans and 100 South Yemenis were killed in action.}}</ref><br>150 wounded<ref name=\"Murakhovsky\" /><br>'''Soviet Union''':<br>33 advisors killed<ref name=\"UCA 1948 u482\">{{cite web | title=68. Ethiopia/Ogaden (1948-present) | website=UCA | date=1948-07-24 | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/69-ethiopiaogaden-1948-present/ | access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>"},"casualties2":{"wt":"'''Somalia''':<br>5,676–6,453 killed<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayele |first1=Fantahun |title=The Ethiopian Army From Victory to Collapse, 1977-1991 |date=2014 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=9780810130111 |page=123|quote = According to Ethiopian official records, 5,676 Somali troops were killed and 1,983 wounded.}}</ref>{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>1,983–2,409 wounded{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayele |first1=Fantahun |title=The Ethiopian Army From Victory to Collapse, 1977-1991 |date=2014 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=9780810130111 |page=123|quote = According to Ethiopian official records, 5,676 Somali troops were killed and 1,983 wounded.}}</ref><br>275 captured{{sfn|Tareke|2000|p=665}}<br>''Equipment losses'':<br>34 aircraft{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=124}}<br>154 tanks{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=124}}<br>270 APCs{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=124}}<br>624 vehicles{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=124}}<br>295 artillery guns{{sfn|Ayele|2014|p=124}}"},"casualties3":{"wt":"25,000 civilians killed<ref name=Urribarres/><br>500,000 Somali inhabitants of Ethiopia displaced<ref>{{cite book |title=Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia |chapter=4. Insurrection and Invasion in the Southeast, 1962–78 |chapter-url=http://gadaa.com/06142007002.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226220733/http://gadaa.com/06142007002.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC |title=Evil days: thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia |date=1991 |place=New York |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1564320384 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>"},"notes":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt179" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" about="#mwt182" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Color/styles.css"}}'/>
The Ogaden War, also known as the Ethio-Somali War (Somali: Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaali Galbeed<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text" about="#mwt185" id="mw2w"/>, Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት, romanized: ye’ītiyop’iya somalīya t’orinet<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text" about="#mwt186" id="mw3Q"/>), was a military conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia fought from July 1977 to March 1978 over control of the sovereignty of the Ogaden region. Somalia launched an invasion in support of the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) insurgency, triggering a broader inter-state war. The intervention drew the disapproval of the Soviet Union, which subsequently withdrew its support for Somalia and backed Ethiopia instead.
Ethiopia was saved from defeat and permanent loss of territory through a massive airlift of military supplies worth $1 billion, the arrival of more than 12,000 Cuban soldiers and airmen and 1,500 Soviet advisors, led by General Vasily Petrov. On 23 January 1978, Cuban armored brigades inflicted the worst losses the Somali forces had ever taken in a single action since the start of the war.
The Ethiopian-Cuban force (equipped with 300 tanks, 156 artillery pieces and 46 combat aircraft) prevailed at Harar and Jijiga, and began to push the Somalis systematically out of the Ogaden. On 23 March 1978, the Ethiopian government declared that the last border post had been regained, thus ending the war. Almost a third of the regular SNA soldiers, three-eighths of the armored units and half of the Somali Air Force had been lost during the war. The war left Somalia with a disorganized and demoralized army as well as a heavy disapproval from its population. These conditions led to a revolt in the army which eventually spiraled into the ongoing Somali Civil War.
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