WikipediaExtracts:Attack on Pearl Harbor

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Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over {{USS|Neosho|AO-23|6}} and one over the Naval Yard."},"date":{"wt":"{{start date|1941|12|7}}"},"location":{"wt":"Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, United States"},"coordinates":{"wt":"{{Coord|21.365|-157.950|format=dms|type:event_region:US-HI|display=inline,title}}"},"result":{"wt":"Japanese victory"},"pushpin_map":{"wt":"Hawaii#Pacific Ocean"},"pushpin_map_size":{"wt":"200"},"combatant1":{"wt":"{{flag|United States|1912}}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* Husband E. Kimmel\n* Walter Short\n}}"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* Isoroku Yamamoto\n* Chūichi Nagumo\n}}"},"units1":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|USA|1912}} US Pacific Fleet}}"},"units2":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|Empire of Japan|naval}} 1st Air Fleet}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* 8 battleships\n* 8 cruisers\n* 30 destroyers\n* 4 submarines\n* 73 other ships<ref>{{Citation |date=November 13, 2020 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |title=Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor, 0800 7 December 1941 |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118145021/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Total includes {{USCGC|Taney|WHEC-37}}, {{USCGC|Reliance|WSC-150}}, and {{USCGC|Tiger|WSC-152}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thiesen |first=William H. |date=December 7, 2017 |title=The Long Blue Line: The Attack on Pearl Harbor – \"a date that will live in infamy\" |url=http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/ |website=Coast Guard Compass |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100049/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2017 |title=U.S. Coast Guard Units in Hawaii: December 7, 1941 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |website=United States Department of Defense |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100100/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=nb}}\n* 390 aircraft\n}}"},"strength2":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* 6 aircraft carriers\n* 2 battleships\n* 2 heavy cruisers\n* 1 light cruiser\n* 9 destroyers\n* 8 tankers\n* 23 fleet submarines\n* 5 midget submarines\n* 414 aircraft (353 took part in the raid)\n}}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* 4 battleships sunk\n* 4 battleships damaged\n* 1 ex-battleship sunk\n* 1 harbor tug sunk\n* 3 light cruisers damaged{{refn|Unless otherwise stated, all vessels listed were salvageable.{{sfn|Nimitz|1942}}|group=nb}}\n* 3 destroyers damaged\n* 3 other ships damaged\n* 188 aircraft destroyed\n* 159 aircraft damaged\n* 2,008 sailors killed\n* 109 Marines killed\n* 218 soldiers killed<ref name=USN>{{Citation |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602043203/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |url-status=live |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command}}</ref>\n* 2,403 total military and civilians killed<ref name=censusfactsheet>{{cite report |title=Remembering Pearl Harbor {{!}} A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet |publisher=The National WWII Museum |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914133432/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-14 |url-status=dead |via=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=USN />\n* 1,178 military and civilians wounded<ref name=USN />\n}}"},"casualties2":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist|\n* 4 midget submarines sunk\n* 1 midget submarine grounded\n* 29 aircraft destroyed\n* 74 aircraft damaged\n* 129 killed<ref name=PHFS>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Pearl Harbor: A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |website=www.census.gov |publisher=The National WWII Museum |via=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=Kimberly>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento |first=Kimberly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsvqDQAAQBAJ |title=Events That Changed the Course of History: The Story of the Attack on Pearl Harbor 75 Years Later |date=January 17, 2017 |publisher=Atlantic Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-62023-149-4 |language=en |quote=Only 129 Japanese soldiers were killed during that attack, and one was taken prisoner.}}</ref>\n* 1 sailor captured{{sfn|Gilbert|2004|p=272}}\n}}"},"notes":{"wt":"<div style=\"text-align: center;\">'''Civilian casualties'''</div>{{indented plainlist|\n* 68 killed<ref>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=96}}: \"There were 103 civilian casualties, including 68 dead.\"</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List |publisher=USSWestVirginia.org |url=http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php |access-date=December 8, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104216/http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php}}</ref>\n* 35 wounded{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}\n* 3 aircraft shot down }}"},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign}}\n{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}\n{{Campaignbox Pacific Ocean}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDg"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt103" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" 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The Empire of Japan launched a surprise military attack on the US Pacific Fleet at its naval base at Pearl Harbor in Oahu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. At the time, the US was a neutral country in World War II. The air raid on Pearl Harbor, which was launched from aircraft carriers, prompted the US to declare war on Japan the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning.

The attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the US and Japan over the future of the Pacific. Japanese demands included that the US end its sanctions against Japan, cease aiding China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and allow Japan access to the resources of the Dutch East Indies. Japan dispatched its naval attack group on November 26, 1941, just before receiving the Hull note, which stated the US desire that Japan withdraw from China and French Indochina. Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, planned the attack as a pre-emptive strike on the Pacific Fleet, which had been based at Pearl Harbor since 1940 in order to prevent it from interfering with Japan's planned actions in Southeast Asia. Yamamoto hoped that the strike would enable Japan to make rapid territorial gains and negotiate peace. In addition to Pearl Harbor, over seven hours Japan launched coordinated attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island, as well as on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

The attacking force, commanded by Chūichi Nagumo, launched its attack at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18 p.m. GMT) on December 7, 1941. The base was struck by 353 fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers in two waves launched from six aircraft carriers. Of the eight US battleships present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but the USS Arizona and the USS Utah were later refloated, and six were returned to service during the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and a minelayer. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed. A total of 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Japanese losses totaled 29 aircraft, five midget submarines, and 130 personnel. The three US carriers assigned to Pearl Harbor were at sea at the time, and important base installations, including its oil storage and naval repair facilities, were not attacked.

Japan declared war on the US and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in Tokyo), but the declarations were not delivered until the next day. On December 8, both the United Kingdom and the US declared war on Japan. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the Tripartite Pact with Japan, Germany and Italy each declared war on the United States, which responded by declaring war on Germany and Italy. While there were historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of a formal warning and perception that the attack had been unprovoked led US president Franklin D. Roosevelt to famously label December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy". The attack remains the deadliest non-pathological disaster to ever happen in Hawaii, and for nearly 60 years, was the deadliest foreign attack on the US until the September 11 attacks in 2001.

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WikipediaExtracts:Attack on Pearl Harbor

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