WikipediaExtracts:Gulf War

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(''Operation Desert Shield'') 17 January{{snd}}28 February 1991 (''Operation Desert Storm'') ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=02|year=1990|month2=02|day2=28|year2=1991}})"},"location":{"wt":"Middle East and Persian Gulf"},"result":{"wt":"Coalition victory"},"territory":{"wt":"Establishment of a demilitarized zone and construction of a separation barrier along the Iraq–Kuwait border"},"combatant1":{"wt":"\n\n{{plainlist|\n* {{Flag|United States}}\n* {{nowrap|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}}}\n* {{Flag|France|1974}}\n* {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}\n* {{Flag|Egypt}}\n* {{Flag|Kuwait}}\n}}\n\n----\n{{Collapsible list\n | title = {{flagicon|UN}} Coalition{{nobold|:}}\n | {{flagicon|Afghan mujahideen}} Afghan mujahideen<ref name=\"Refugees\">{{Cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld {{!}} Afghanistan: The Forgotten War: Human Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War Since the Soviet Withdrawal |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/45c9a5d12.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Refworld }}</ref><ref name=\"apps.dtic.mil\">{{cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |website=apps.dtic.mil |access-date=2018-12-18 |title=Desert Shield And Desert Storm: A Chronology And Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis}}</ref>\n | {{Flag|Argentina}}\n | {{Flag|Australia}}\n | {{Flag|Bahrain}}\n | {{Flag|Bangladesh}}\n | {{Flag|Belgium}}\n | {{Flag|Canada}}\n | {{Flagcountry|Czech and Slovak Federative Republic}}\n | {{Flag|Denmark}}\n | {{Flag|Germany}}\n | {{Flag|Greece}}\n | {{Flag|Honduras|1949}}\n | {{Flag|Hungary}}\n | {{Flag|Italy}}\n | {{Flag|Japan|1947}}\n | {{Flag|Luxembourg}}\n | {{Flag|Morocco}}\n | {{Flag|Netherlands}}\n | {{Flag|New Zealand}}\n | {{Flag|Somalia}}\n | {{Flag|Norway}}\n | {{Flag|Oman|1970}}\n | {{Flag|Pakistan}}\n | {{Flag|Philippines|1936}}\n | {{Flag|Poland}}\n | {{Flag|Portugal}}\n | {{Flag|Qatar}}\n | {{Flag|Romania}}\n | {{Flag|Senegal}}\n | {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}\n | {{Flag|Singapore}}\n | {{Flag|South Korea|1984}}\n | {{Flag|Spain}}\n | {{Flag|Sweden}}\n | {{Flagcountry|Ba'athist Syria|Syria}}\n | {{Flag|Turkey}}\n | {{nowrap|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}\n }}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{Flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq}}"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|United States}} George H. W. Bush\n* {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|United States}} Norman Schwarzkopf}}\n* {{flagdeco|United States}} Chuck Horner\n* {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Margaret Thatcher\n* {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} King Fahd\n* {{flagdeco|Egypt}} Hosni Mubarak\n* {{flagdeco|Kuwait}} Sheikh Jaber III\n}}"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagdeco|Iraq}} Saddam Hussein\n\n}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"Over 950,000 soldiers 3,113 tanks 1,800 aircraft 2,200 artillery systems"},"strength2":{"wt":"1,000,000+ soldiers (~600,000 in Kuwait) 5,500 tanks 700+ aircraft 3,000 artillery systems<ref name=\"Knights-2005\">{{cite book |author=Knights, Michael |page=20 |title=Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power |publisher=United States Naval Institute |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59114-444-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/cradleofconflict00knig/page/20 }}</ref>"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist}}\n* '''Total:'''\n* '''13,488'''\n* {{hr}}\n* '''Coalition:'''\n* 292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths)\n* 776 wounded<ref name=\"ca.encarta.msn.com\">{{cite web|title=Persian Gulf War |publisher=MSN Encarta |url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Arabian_Gulf_War.html |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqMXGNZ?url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Persian_Gulf_War.html |archive-date=1 November 2009 }}</ref> (467 wounded in action)\n* 31 tanks destroyed/disabled<ref>18 M1 Abrams, 11 M60, 2 AMX-30</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.checkpoint-online.ch/CheckPoint/Histoire/His0010-CombatTawakalna.html%7Ctitle=Guerre du Golfe: le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna|first=Ludovic Monnerat |last=CheckPoint}}</ref><ref>Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: ''Certain Victory''. Brassey's, 1994, p. 279.</ref><ref>Halberstadt 1991. p. 35</ref><ref>Atkinson, Rick. ''Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War''. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. pp. 332–3</ref><ref>Captain Todd A. Buchs, B. Co. Commander, ''Knights in the Desert''. Publisher/Editor Unknown. p. 111.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks.net/tank-history/tanks-during-the-first-gulf-war.html%7Ctitle=Tanks During the First Gulf War{{snd}}Tank History|first=Marcia|last=Malory|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220002/http://www.tanks.net/tank-history/tanks-during-the-first-gulf-war.html}}</ref><ref>M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956–92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby</ref>\n* 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm%7Ctitle=TAB H{{snd}}Friendly-fire Incidents|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601053948/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm}}</ref><ref>NSIAD-92-94, \"Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams\". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225558/http://www.gao.gov/products/NSIAD-92-94 |date=21 February 2014 }} US General Accounting Office, 10 January 1992. Quote: \"According to information provided by the Army's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones</ref>\n* 1 M113 APC destroyed\n* 2 British Warrior IFVs destroyed\n* 1 artillery piece destroyed\n* 75 aircraft destroyed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pavelec |first=Sterling |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/War_and_Warfare_since_1945/kpguDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=75%20coalition%20aircraft |title=War and Warfare since 1945 |date=2017-07-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-70686-5 |language=en}}</ref>\n* '''Kuwait:'''\n* 420 killed\n* 12,000 captured\n* ≈200 tanks destroyed/captured\n* 850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured\n* 57 aircraft lost\n* 8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s)\n* 17 ships sunk, 6 captured<ref name=\"airCombatInformationGroup\"/> {{Endplainlist}}"},"casualties2":{"wt":"{{indented plainlist}}\n* '''Total:'''\n* '''175,000–300,000+'''\n* <hr>\n* '''Iraqi:'''\n* 20,000–50,000 killed{{sfnp|Bourque|2001|p=455}}<ref name=appendix>{{cite web|title=Appendix – Iraqi Death Toll {{!}} The Gulf War {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html%7Caccess-date=2021-07-24%7Cwebsite=www.pbs.org}}</ref>\n* 75,000+ wounded<ref name=\"ca.encarta.msn.com\"/> \n* 80,000–175,000 captured{{sfnp|Bourque|2001|p=455}}<ref name=\"google1990\">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNSwBAAAQBAJ&dq=gulf+war+175%2C000+pows&pg=PT204 |title=The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990–1991 |isbn=978-1-4738-3730-0 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205102940/https://books.google.it/books?id=oNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&lpg=PT204&dq=gulf+war+175,000+pows&source=bl&ots=b459KDbkKn&sig=ACfU3U3WjDztYFB8TFHeon0hnUwpxAkJIA&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1nP7Myqj3AhXeR_EDHSOHA00Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=gulf%20war%20175%2C000%20pows&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Tucker-Jones |first1=Anthony |date=31 May 2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref><ref name=\"google1991\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ391.htm |title=Human Rights Watch |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422211557/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ391.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>\n* 3,300 tanks destroyed{{sfnp|Bourque|2001|p=455}}\n* 2,100 APCs destroyed{{sfnp|Bourque|2001|p=455}}\n* 2,200 artillery pieces destroyed{{sfnp|Bourque|2001|p=455}}\n* 110 aircraft destroyed{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}\n* 137 aircraft flown to Iran to escape destruction<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix A: Chronology – February 1991 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-in-desert-shield-desert-storm/february-1991.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2007 |title=Iraq air force wants Iran to give back its planes |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSCOL544157/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>\n* 19 ships sunk, 6 damaged{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}{{Endplainlist}}"},"casualties3":{"wt":"'''Kuwaiti civilian losses:''' Over 1,000 killed<ref name=useofterrorkuwait>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124091425/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/actual/iraq/3.html |archive-date=24 January 2005|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/actual/iraq/3.html |title=The Use of Terror during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait|access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel}}</ref> 600 missing people<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Red Cross |title=Kuwait: missing people: a step in the right direction |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jmjf.htm |access-date=5 March 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210107/https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jmjf.htm }}</ref> '''Iraqi civilian losses:''' 3,664 killed directly<ref name=Wagesofwar>{{cite web |url=http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8ap2.html#1.%20Iraqi%20civilian%20fatalities%20in%20the%201991%20Gulf |title=The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict|access-date=9 May 2009 |publisher=Project on Defense Alternatives}}</ref> '''Total Iraqi losses (including 1991 Iraqi uprisings):''' 142,500–206,000 deaths (according to Medact){{Efn|Including 100–120,000 military deaths, 3–15,000 civilian deaths during the war, 4–6,000 civilian deaths up to April 1991, and 35–65,000 civilian deaths from the Iraqi uprisings after the end of the Gulf War.}}<ref name=\"Collateral damage\" /> '''Other civilian losses:''' 74 killed in Israel, 230 injured 1 killed in Saudi Arabia, 85 injured"},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars}}\n{{Campaignbox Gulf War}}"},"part_of":{"wt":"the Arab Cold War"},"notes":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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The invasion of Kuwait was met with immediate international condemnation. The UN Security Council demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal and imposed a total embargo on products from Iraq and Kuwait. A coalition began a military buildup in the Persian Gulf region. The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt.

The Security Council issued an ultimatum to Iraq on 29 November 1990, expiring on 15 January 1991, to withdraw from Kuwait, with member-states thereafter empowered to use "all necessary means" to force withdrawal. On 17 January, the coalition began aerial and naval bombardment of Iraq and Kuwait, which continued for five weeks. Iraq fired missiles at Israel and at Saudi Arabia, but failed to split Muslim-majority countries from the coalition. On 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a decisive ground assault liberating Kuwait and promptly advancing into Iraqi territory. The coalition halted its ground advance after one hundred hours, and declared a ceasefire.

In the war's aftermath, the Iraqi government suppressed a series of uprisings until 5 April 1991. Coalition countries responded by establishing two no-fly zones over Iraq's north and south. The United Nations Special Commission sought to end Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programs. In 2003, another US-led coalition invaded and occupied Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

The conflict's environmental impact included Iraqi forces causing over six hundred oil well fires and the largest oil spill in history until that point. US bombing and demolition of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities were concluded to be the primary cause of Gulf War syndrome, experienced by over 40% of US veterans.

The conflict introduced live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by American network CNN. It earned the nickname "Video Game War", after the daily broadcast of images from cameras onboard American military aircraft. The war highlighted new military technologies including military satellites, precision-guided munitions and a stealth aircraft, the F-117 Nighthawk. The largest tank battles in American military history were also fought, surpassed only by the Battle of the Bulge: the Battle of Medina Ridge, the Battle of Norfolk, and the Battle of 73 Easting.

WikipediaExtracts:Gulf War

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