WikipediaExtracts:António de Oliveira Salazar

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"},"prime_minister4":{"wt":"{{ubl|José Vicente de Freitas |Artur Ivens Ferraz |Domingos Oliveira|''Himself''}}"},"predecessor4":{"wt":"José Vicente de Freitas"},"successor4":{"wt":"João Pinto da Costa Leite"},"term_start5":{"wt":"3 June 1926"},"term_end5":{"wt":"19 June 1926"},"prime_minister5":{"wt":"José Mendes Cabeçadas"},"predecessor5":{"wt":"José Mendes Cabeçadas"},"successor5":{"wt":"Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral"},"office6":{"wt":"Member of the Chamber of Deputies"},"term_start6":{"wt":"July 1921"},"term_end6":{"wt":"September 1921"},"constituency6":{"wt":"Guimarães\n{{collapsed infobox section begin\n|cont = yes\n|Offices held ''ad interim''\n|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}\n{{Infobox officeholder\n|embed = yes\n|office = President of Portugal\n|term_label = Acting\n|term_start = 18 April 1951\n|term_end = 9 August 1951\n|prime_minister = ''Himself''\n|predecessor = Óscar Carmona\n|successor = Francisco Craveiro Lopes\n|term_label1 = Acting\n|term_start1 = 15 April 1935\n|term_end1 = 26 April 1935\n|prime_minister1 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor1 = Óscar Carmona\n|successor1 = Óscar Carmona\n|office2 = Minister of the Navy\n|term_label2 = Acting\n|term_start2 = 30 January 1939\n|term_end2 = 2 February 1939\n|prime_minister2 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor2 = Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt\n|successor2 = Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt\n|term_label3 = Acting\n|term_start3 = 25 January 1936\n|term_end3 = 5 February 1936\n|prime_minister3 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor3 = Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt\n|successor3 = Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt\n|office4 = Minister of Foreign Affairs\n|term_label4 = Acting\n|term_start4 = 6 November 1936\n|term_end4 = 6 November 1947<ref name=Salazar>{{cite web|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3886687%7Ctitle=Oliveira Salazar – Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo}}</ref>\n|prime_minister4 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor4 = Armindo Monteiro\n|successor4 = José Caeiro da Mata\n|office5 = Minister of War\n|term_label5 = Acting\n|term_start5 = 11 May 1936\n|term_end5 = 6 September 1944\n|prime_minister5 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor5 = Abílio Passos e Sousa\n|successor5 = Fernando Santos Costa\n|office6 = Minister of War\n|term_label6 = Acting\n|term_start6 = 5 July 1932\n|term_end6 = 6 July 1932\n|prime_minister6 = ''Himself''\n|predecessor6 = António Lopes Mateus\n|successor6 = Daniel Rodrigues de Sousa\n|office7 = Minister of the Colonies\n|term_label7 = Acting\n|term_start7 = 3 November 1930\n|term_end7 = 6 November 1930\n|prime_minister7 = Domingos Oliveira\n|predecessor7 = Eduardo Marques\n|successor7 = Eduardo Marques\n|term_label8 = Acting\n|term_start8 = 21 January 1930\n|term_end8 = 20 July 1930\n|prime_minister8 = Domingos Oliveira\n|predecessor8 = Eduardo Marques\n|successor8 = Eduardo Marques\n{{collapsed infobox section end}}\n}}"},"birth_date":{"wt":"{{birth date|df=yes|1889|4|28}}"},"birth_place":{"wt":"Vimieiro, Portugal"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{Death date and age|df=yes|1970|7|27|1889|4|28}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"Lisbon, Portugal"},"height":{"wt":"1.75 m "},"party":{"wt":"National Union (1930–1970)"},"other_party":{"wt":"Portuguese Catholic Centre (1919–1930)"},"education":{"wt":"University of Coimbra (PhD)"},"signature":{"wt":"Firma de António de Oliveira Salazar.svg"},"profession":{"wt":"Economics professor"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCw"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt55" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt57" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt58" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"}}'/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_using_sidebar_person_with_unknown_parameters#nameAntónio%20de%20Oliveira%20Salazar"/>

António de Oliveira Salazar (28 April 1889 – 27 July 1970) was a Portuguese dictator, academic, and economist who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. Having come to power under the Ditadura Nacional<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" about="#mwt67" id="mwHg"/> ("National Dictatorship"), he reframed the regime as the corporatist Estado Novo<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" about="#mwt68" id="mwIQ"/> ("New State"), with himself as dictator. The regime he created lasted until 1974, making it one of the longest-lived authoritarian dictatorships in modern Europe.

A political economy professor at the University of Coimbra, Salazar entered public life as finance minister with the support of President Óscar Carmona after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The military of 1926 saw themselves as the guardians of the nation in the wake of the instability and perceived failure of the First Republic, but they lacked the means to address the critical challenges of the hour. Armed with broad powers to restructure state finances, within one year Salazar balanced the budget and stabilised Portugal's currency, producing the first of many budgetary surpluses. Amidst a period when authoritarian regimes elsewhere in Europe were merging political power with militarism, and leaders were adopting military titles and uniforms, Salazar enforced strict separation of the armed forces from politics. Salazar's aim was the de-politicisation of society, rather than the mobilisation of the populace.

Opposed to democracy, communism, socialism, syndicalism and liberalism, Salazar's rule was conservative, corporatist and Portuguese nationalist in nature; it was also opposed to capitalism, which it regarded as plutocratic in nature. Salazar distanced himself from Nazism and fascism, which he described as a "pagan Caesarism" that did not recognise legal, religious or moral limits. Throughout his life Salazar avoided populist rhetoric. He was generally opposed to the concept of political parties when, in 1930, he created the National Union. Salazar described and promoted the Union as a "non-party", and proclaimed that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. He promoted Catholicism but argued that the role of the Church was social, not political, and negotiated the Concordat of 1940 that kept the church at arm's length. One of the mottos of the Salazar regime was Deus, Pátria e Família<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" about="#mwt109" id="mwaw"/> ("God, Fatherland and Family"), although Catholicism was never the state religion. The doctrine of pluricontinentalism was the basis of Salazar's territorial policy, a conception of the Portuguese Empire as a unified state that spanned multiple continents. From the 1950s onward, during the later phase of Salazar’s rule, Portugal recorded sustained growth in GDP per capita and a decline in illiteracy. By the end of the Estado Novo in 1974, Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe.

Salazar supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War and played a key role in keeping Portugal neutral during World War II, providing aid and assistance to the Allies, but also becoming the second receiver of Nazi gold. Despite being a dictatorship, Portugal under his rule took part in the founding of some international organisations. The country was one of the 12 founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, joined the European Payments Union in 1950, and was one of the founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960; it was also a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961. Under his rule, Portugal also became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1961. The Portuguese Colonial War broke out in 1961, leading to the independence of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique in 1974. The annexation of Goa by India also occurred in 1961.

With the Estado Novo<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" about="#mwt129" id="mwpA"/> enabling him to exercise vast political powers, Salazar used censorship and the PIDE secret police to quell opposition. One opposition leader, Humberto Delgado, who openly challenged Salazar's regime in the 1958 presidential election, was first exiled and became involved in several violent actions aimed at overthrowing the regime, including the hijacking of the Portuguese cruise liner Santa Maria and the Beja Revolt. These actions ultimately led to his assassination by the PIDE, in 1965. After Salazar fell into a coma in 1968, President Américo Tomás dismissed him from the position of President of the Council of Ministers. The Estado Novo<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" about="#mwt139" id="mwuA"/> collapsed during the Carnation Revolution of 1974, four years after Salazar's death.

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WikipediaExtracts:António de Oliveira Salazar

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