WikipediaExtracts:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

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({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=3|day1=24|year1=1999|month2=6|day2=10|year2=1999}})"},"location":{"wt":"Yugoslavia<ref name=\"cnn\"/>"},"territory":{"wt":"UN Resolution 1244; ''de facto'' separation of Kosovo from Yugoslavia under UN temporary administration"},"result":{"wt":"{{ublist|NATO victory<ref>References:\n* Stigler, Andrew L. \"A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo.\" International Security 27.3 (2003): 124–157.\n* Biddle, Stephen. \"The new way of war? Debating the Kosovo model.\" (2002): 138–144.\n* Dixon, Paul. \"Victory by spin? Britain, the US and the propaganda war over Kosovo.\" Civil Wars 6.4 (2003): 83–106.\n* Harvey, Frank P. \"Getting NATO's success in Kosovo right: The theory and logic of counter-coercion.\" Conflict Management and Peace Science 23.2 (2006): pp. 139–158.</ref>}}\n* Kumanovo Agreement\n* Establishment and deployment of KFOR\n* Withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo and Metohija\n* Establishment of UNMIK\n* Substantial damage to Yugoslav economy and infrastructure<ref>Parenti (2000), pp. 198</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2015&mm=03&dd=24&nav_id=93575%7Ctitle=Serbia marks another anniversary of NATO attacks– English– on B92.net|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910043343/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2015&mm=03&dd=24&nav_id=93575%7Carchive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-zunes/the-us-war-on-yugoslavia_b_211172.html%7Ctitle=The US War on Yugoslavia: Ten Years Later|first=Stephen|last=Zunes|website=HuffPost|date=6 July 2009|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831132221/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-zunes/the-us-war-on-yugoslavia_b_211172.html%7Carchive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>\n* Return of Albanian refugees to Kosovo\n* Departure of many Serb and other non-Albanian civilians<ref>{{cite web|title=Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/%7Cpublisher=Human Rights Watch|date=August 1999|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200756/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/%7Curl-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29 |date=2012|page=30|isbn=9780230201316 |last1=Hudson |first1=Robert |last2=Bowman |first2=Glenn | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kosovo Crisis Update|url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html%7Cpublisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees|date=4 August 1999|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002408/http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html%7Curl-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Siobhán Wills|title=Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219%7Caccess-date=24 February 2013|date=26 February 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953387-9|page=219|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171634/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219%7Curl-status=live}}</ref>"},"combatant1":{"wt":"{{Collapsible list\n| bullets = yes\n| title = {{flag|NATO|size=23px}}\n| {{flag|Belgium}}\n| {{flag|Canada}}\n| {{flag|Denmark}}\n| {{flag|France|1974}}\n| {{flag|Germany}}\n| {{flag|Italy}}\n| {{flag|Netherlands}}\n| {{flag|Norway}}<ref name=\"Norske jagerfly på vingene i går\"/>\n| {{flag|Portugal}}\n| {{flag|Spain}}\n| {{flag|Turkey}}<ref name=\"Turkish Air Force\"/>\n| {{flag|United Kingdom}}\n| {{flag|United States|1960}}\n}}"},"combatant2":{"wt":"{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=FR Yugoslavia}}"},"commander1":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{flagicon|NATO}} Wesley Clark <br />(SACEUR)\n* {{flagicon|NATO}} Rupert Smith<br />(DSACEUR)\n* {{flagicon|NATO}} Michael C. Short<br />(AIRSOUTH)\n* {{flagicon|NATO}} James O. Ellis<br />(AFSOUTH)<ref name=\"Operation Allied Force - Operation Allied Force in Kosovo\"/>\n* {{flagicon|NATO}} Javier Solana<br />(Secretary General of NATO)\n}}\n----\n{{flagicon|United States}} John W. Hendrix<ref name=\":3\" />"},"commander2":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of Yugoslavia (1993–2003).svg|size=23px}} Slobodan Milošević\n* {{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Dragoljub Ojdanić\n* {{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Nebojša Pavković\n* {{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Spasoje Smiljanić\n* {{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} Milan Zec\n}}"},"strength1":{"wt":"'''NATO''':{{Indented plainlist|\n* 1,031+ aircraft<ref name=\"Kosovo operation allied force after-action report\"/>\n* 30 warships & submarines<ref name=\"GroupedRef4\"/>\n* Task Force Hawk\n}}"},"strength2":{"wt":"{{Indented plainlist|\n* 114,000 regulars\n* 20,000 police\n* 1,270 tanks\n* 825 armoured vehicles<ref name=\"GroupedRef4\" />\n* 1,400 artillery pieces\n* 100 SAM launchers\n* 14 modern combat aircraft<ref>NATOs AirWar for Kosovo, Benjamin S. Lambert</ref>\n}}"},"casualties1":{"wt":"{{Indented plainlist|\n* 3 jet aircraft destroyed\n* 3 jet aircraft damaged\n* 2 helicopters destroyed\n* 46 UAVs destroyed<ref name=\"loss\">{{cite web|url=http://www.aeronautics.ru/official/lostuavs.htm%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010308225837/http://www.aeronautics.ru/official/lostuavs.htm%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-date=8 March 2001|title=Officially confirmed / documented NATO UAV losses|date=8 March 2001}}</ref>\n* 2 soldiers killed (in a training mission)\n* 3 soldiers captured\n}}"},"casualties2":{"wt":"'''2013 Serbian MOD estimate:'''{{Indented plainlist|\n* 1,008 killed (659 soldiers and 349 policemen)\n* 5,173 wounded<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1264384/stradalo-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html%7Ctitle=Stradalo 1.008 vojnika i policajaca|date=11 February 2013|work=RTS|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603085136/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1264384/stradalo-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html%7Curl-status=live}}</ref>\n}}'''Acc. to FHP:'''<br />304 soldiers and policemen<ref name=\"hlc-rdc.org\">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hlc-rdc.org/db/nato/index.html%7Ctitle=Human losses in NATO bombing (Serbia Kosovo, Montenegro)|work=FHP|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324202432/http://www.hlc-rdc.org/db/nato/index.html%7Curl-status=live}}</ref><br />\n----\n'''Material losses:<br />NATO estimate:'''<ref name=\"Op. Cit., Lambeth 2001: 86\"/><ref name=\"grant2000\">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Rebecca |title=True Blue: Behind the Kosovo Numbers Game |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0800kosovo/ |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923202732/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0800kosovo/ |archive-date=23 September 2024 |date=1 August 2000}}</ref>{{Indented plainlist|\n* 93 tanks destroyed\n* 153 APCs destroyed\n* 389 artillery pieces destroyed\n* 339 other vehicles destroyed\n* 121 aircraft destroyed\n}}\n'''Yugoslav estimate:'''<ref name=\"grant2000\" />{{Indented plainlist|\n* 13 tanks destroyed\n* 6 APCs destroyed\n* 6 artillery pieces destroyed\n}}\n'''Newsweek estimate:'''<ref name=\"grant2000\" />{{Indented plainlist|\n* 14 tanks destroyed\n* 18 APCs destroyed\n* 20 artillery pieces destroyed\n}}"},"casualties3":{"wt":"'''Human Rights Watch''' estimate: 489–528 civilians killed (60% of whom were in Kosovo)<ref name=\"hrw.org\"/><br />'''Yugoslav estimate''': 1,200–2,000 civilians killed<ref name=\"hrw.org\"/> and about 6,000 civilians wounded<ref name=\"РТС55\">„Шеснаеста годишњица НАТО бомбардовања“ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029085957/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1867756/%C5%A0esnaesta+godi%C5%A1njica+NATO+bombardovanja.html |date=29 October 2020 }}, РТС, 24. март 2015.</ref><br>'''FHP:''' {{flagdeco|Albania}} 218 Albanians, {{flagdeco|Serbia|1991}} 204 Serbs and 30 others<ref name=\"hlc-rdc.org\"/><br>{{flagicon|China}} 3 Chinese citizens killed in NATO's bombing of China's embassy in Belgrade"},"notes":{"wt":""},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Kosovo War}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" about="#mwt112" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link 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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from 24 March 1999 to 10 June 1999. The bombings continued until an agreement was reached that led to the withdrawal of the Yugoslav Army from Kosovo, and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, a UN peacekeeping mission in Kosovo. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force (Serbian: Савезничка сила<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" about="#mwt143" id="mwjA"/> / Saveznička sila) whereas the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil (Serbian: Племенити наковањ<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" about="#mwt144" id="mwkA"/> / Plemeniti nakovanj); in Yugoslavia, the operation was incorrectly called Merciful Angel (Serbian: Милосрдни анђео<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" about="#mwt145" id="mwmA"/> / Milosrdni anđeo), possibly as a result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation.

NATO's intervention was prompted by Yugoslavia's ethnic cleansing of Kosovar Albanians, which drove the Albanians into neighbouring countries and had the potential to destabilize the region. Yugoslavia's actions had already provoked condemnation by international organisations and agencies such as the UN, NATO, and various INGOs. Yugoslavia's rejection of the Rambouillet proposal was initially offered as justification for NATO's use of force, and NATO framed its bombing as a humanitarian intervention. Because Russia and China could use their veto within the Security Council to not authorize an external intervention, NATO launched its campaign without the UN's approval. The Charter of the United Nations prohibits the use of force except in the case of a decision by the Security Council under Article 42, Article 51 or Article 53. Hence, some scholars see NATO's bombing as illegal under international law.

By the end of the war, the Yugoslavs had killed 1,500 to 2,131 combatants. 10,317 civilians were killed or missing, with 85% of those being Kosovar Albanian and some 848,000 were expelled from Kosovo. The NATO bombing killed about 1,000 members of the Yugoslav security forces in addition to between 489 and 528 civilians. It destroyed or damaged bridges, industrial plants, hospitals, schools, cultural monuments, and private businesses, as well as barracks and military installations. In the days after the Yugoslav army withdrew, over 164,000 Serbs and 24,000 Roma left Kosovo. Many of the remaining non-Albanian civilians (as well as Albanians perceived as collaborators) were victims of abuse which included beatings, abductions, and murders. After Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.

The bombing was NATO's second major combat operation, following the 1995 bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was the first time that NATO had used military force without the expressed endorsement of the UN Security Council and thus, international legal approval, which triggered debates over the legitimacy of the intervention.

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WikipediaExtracts:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

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